![]() ![]() Understanding demand is critical to evaluating policy alternatives. ![]() However, considerable uncertainties surrounding market responses bring into question the viability of a legal trade, and trade legalization continues to be a controversial policy alternative ( Aguayo, 2014 Collins, Fraser, & Snowball, 2016 Taylor et al., 2017). ![]() Between 5,319 and 13,356 kg of horn can be produced per year in South Africa ( Taylor et al., 2017). Trade legalization has been proposed as a potential solution, wherein improved enforcement would be funded by sales of horn from natural mortalities, existing stockpiles, and harvesting through de-horning ( Biggs et al., 2013 Challender & MacMillan, 2014 Di Minin et al., 2015). Changing consumer behaviors is challenging given the cultural roots of consumption, and existing conservation measures are unlikely to achieve sufficient demand reductions to meaningfully ease poaching pressure in the short term ( Di Minin et al., 2015). All subjects Allied Health Cardiology & Cardiovascular Medicine Dentistry Emergency Medicine & Critical Care Endocrinology & Metabolism Environmental Science General Medicine Geriatrics Infectious Diseases Medico-legal Neurology Nursing Nutrition Obstetrics & Gynecology Oncology Orthopaedics & Sports Medicine Otolaryngology Palliative Medicine & Chronic Care Pediatrics Pharmacology & Toxicology Psychiatry & Psychology Public Health Pulmonary & Respiratory Medicine Radiology Research Methods & Evaluation Rheumatology Surgery Tropical Medicine Veterinary Medicine Cell Biology Clinical Biochemistry Environmental Science Life Sciences Neuroscience Pharmacology & Toxicology Biomedical Engineering Engineering & Computing Environmental Engineering Materials Science Anthropology & Archaeology Communication & Media Studies Criminology & Criminal Justice Cultural Studies Economics & Development Education Environmental Studies Ethnic Studies Family Studies Gender Studies Geography Gerontology & Aging Group Studies History Information Science Interpersonal Violence Language & Linguistics Law Management & Organization Studies Marketing & Hospitality Music Peace Studies & Conflict Resolution Philosophy Politics & International Relations Psychoanalysis Psychology & Counseling Public Administration Regional Studies Religion Research Methods & Evaluation Science & Society Studies Social Work & Social Policy Sociology Special Education Urban Studies & Planning BROWSE JOURNALSĬritics of the trade ban argue that regulatory enforcement has failed to stem the poaching crisis, caused wildlife protection to become militarized, and propelled black market prices to levels that incentivize poaching ( Biggs, Courchamp, Martin, & Possingham, 2013 Duffy, St. ![]()
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